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Three generic harness fixes from the web-ui postmortem dataset. Nothing here keys on a language, framework, build tool or task type. 1. Failure attribution. WorkflowFailedEvent carries one primary FailureAttribution (AGENT | HARNESS | WORKFLOW | ENVIRONMENT | PROVIDER | OPERATOR | UNKNOWN), defaulted to UNKNOWN so pre-field events replay unchanged. FailureAttributor is the deterministic reason->layer mapping, used both at emission and when classifying history, so the baseline and the live metric are one measurement. Emission sites set it: failWorkflow derives from the reason unless the caller knows the layer, cancellation is OPERATOR, the server catch-all falls back to HARNESS, a grounding-rejected plan is AGENT. Multi-cause chains stay on FailureTicketOpened — no second causal structure. GET /metrics/failure-attribution (FailureAttributionInspectionService, mirroring ToolReliabilityInspectionService) reports counts, share, UNKNOWN share, the preserved reasons and the ticket categories from the same sessions. Read-only: historical events are classified at READ time and reported as `inferred`, never written back over an append-only log. Baseline over the local log, 122 terminal failures: AGENT 51 (41.8%), OPERATOR 28 (23.0%), WORKFLOW 19 (15.6%), PROVIDER 15 (12.3%), HARNESS 6 (4.9%), ENVIRONMENT 3 (2.5%), UNKNOWN 0. 2. The `~` guard bug. ToolPath is now the ONE canonical normalization rule (expand a leading `~`/`~/`, keep absolutes, anchor relatives on the session working dir). Every filesystem tool, all six plane-2 path rules and the approval preview resolve through it, so policy and existence checks inspect the path the tool will operate on. `~/.gradle/init.d/offline.gradle` used to resolve to `<workspace>/~/.gradle/...`: reported non-existent AND in-workspace, so the reference gate called a real file a hallucination and the out-of-workspace prompt never fired. Containment and external-read approval behaviour are unchanged — the expanded path is simply outside the workspace, where it always belonged. 3. file_copy (#713). A first-class tool with the writer's jail, tier, receipt, replay and CAS pre/post images; static and binary assets no longer move through the model's token stream. Needed one generic split: ParamRole.SOURCE_PATH marks a path a call reads FROM, so containment gates judge both params while write-target gates (read-before-write, stale-write, write scope, write manifest) judge the mutated one. ReadBeforeWriteRule exempts any call declaring a SOURCE_PATH: its content comes from disk, not from memory, and requiring a read of a binary is unsatisfiable. Existing tools declare no SOURCE_PATH, so their behaviour is byte-identical. Tests: ToolPathTest (9), FailureAttributionTest (10), PathNormalizationRuleTest (6), FileCopyToolTest (10), plus a home-relative FileReadTool read. ./gradlew check green. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>